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Research

The establishment of the Pak Green Landscape Experiment Research Station (PGLRS) in 2015, led by Dr. Ahmad Hassan, is a pioneering initiative aimed at promoting research in the field of nature therapy.

  1. The primary objective of this institution is to explore the significant influence of nature therapy on sustainable human health and environmental well-being
  2. The investigation of the complicated “interaction between humans and nature” is a primary area of study at the PGLRS, with a specific focus on nature therapy.
  3. The multidimensional approach encompasses the examination of various aspects of the brain’s functions utilizing methodologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy or EEG.
  4. Additionally, it involves the monitoring of the autonomic nervous system by means of heart rate variability and blood pressure measurements.
  5. Furthermore, the assessment of the endocrine system is conducted through the analysis of cortisol levels in saliva, while the evaluation of the immune system entails the study of NK cell activity.
  6. Physiological markers are significant measures for assessing the therapeutic impact of nature on individuals.
  7. Experiments are conducted in a variety of settings, encompassing both natural outdoor areas such as forests or parks, as well as controlled interior locations equipped with artificial temperature rooms where researchers administer single or combination sensory stimulations.
  8. The primary objective of the study conducted at the Physiological and Genetic Laboratory for relaxing Studies (PGLRS) is to systematically analyze and interpret the physiological mechanisms behind the relaxing benefits of nature therapy.
  9. This research endeavor seeks to make significant contributions to the field of stress reduction, which is a matter of utmost importance in contemporary society. Furthermore, this work exhibits potential in the field of preventive medicine, suggesting possible implications for the reduction of medical expenses.

Director Biography

 

  • Dr. Ahmad Hassan, the esteemed director of the PGLRS (Pak Green Landscape Research Society), is a renowned scholar specializing in the field of landscape plants and their profound influence on human well-being.
  • The scope of his study encompasses a wide range of disciplines, such as landscape architecture, environmental psychology, and brainwave studies.
  • Dr. Hassan, a committed Postdoctoral Researcher at Tongji University’s School of Architecture and Urban Planning, persistently endeavors to broaden the frontiers of knowledge within his field.

In addition to his academic pursuits, Dr. Ahmad Hassan assumes the role of Chief Executive Officer of Pak Green Landscape, so exemplifying his dedication to fostering the connection between scholarly inquiry and real-world implementation. The individual’s notable achievements are seen in the widespread establishment of nature therapy facilities throughout Pakistan, which may be attributed to the dissemination of his conceptual frameworks and insights.

The intellectual accomplishments of Dr. Hassan are noteworthy, as evidenced by the publication of 16 research publications in prestigious worldwide journals that are indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI). The extensive amount of knowledge possessed by the individual in question serves to emphasize their dedication to furthering the comprehension of the influence of nature on the welfare of humanity

For a comprehensive exploration of Dr. Ahmad Hassan’s work and the research conducted at PGLRS, interested individuals can visit

the official website at https://www.pakgreenlandscape.com/courses/research-article-writing/#1700065764088-1fac01ea-ae9e.

This platform provides in-depth insights into the courses offered and the extensive body of research related to nature therapy and environmental sciences.

Research interests

  • The occurrence of all human actions is inherently influenced by the physical environment in which they take place, and this surrounding context significantly impacts the emotional states, cognitive processes, and behavioral patterns of humans.
  • Concurrently, individuals are perpetually modifying their physical environment, whether through deliberate actions or unintentional means.
  • The focus of my research centers on the complex dynamics between individuals and their surrounding environments.
  • Our primary area of interest lies in comprehending individuals’ interactions with the natural environment and investigating the complex interplay between ecological sustainability and human welfare.
  • The investigation of the complicated “interaction between humans and nature” is a primary area of study at the PGLRS, with a specific focus on nature therapy.
  • The multidimensional approach encompasses the examination of various aspects of the brain’s functions utilizing methodologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy or EEG.
  • Additionally, it involves the monitoring of the autonomic nervous system by means of heart rate variability and blood pressure measurements.
  • Furthermore, the assessment of the endocrine system is conducted through the analysis of cortisol levels in saliva, while the evaluation of the immune system entails the study of NK cell activity.
  • Physiological markers are significant measures for assessing the therapeutic impact of nature on individuals.

 

MindWave Mobile 2 Headset

The MindWave Mobile 2 is a brain-computer interface (BCI) headset developed by NeuroSky. It is designed to measure and monitor brainwave activity, allowing users to interact with various devices and applications using their thoughts and mental commands. Here are the key details about the MindWave Mobile 2 headset:

Design and Comfort:

  • The MindWave Mobile 2 features a lightweight and compact design, making it comfortable for extended use.
  • It is equipped with soft, flexible sensors that make contact with the user’s forehead to capture electrical signals produced by the brain.

Brainwave Detection:

  • The headset uses a single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor to capture and measure brainwave activity.
  • It can detect different types of brainwaves, including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma waves.

Connectivity:

  • MindWave Mobile 2 utilizes Bluetooth technology to wirelessly connect to compatible devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and computers.
  • It is compatible with both iOS and Android platforms, allowing users to engage with a variety of apps and games.

Applications:

  • The primary application of the MindWave Mobile 2 is in neurofeedback, where users can monitor and train their mental states for relaxation, focus, and stress reduction.
  • It is also used for brain-controlled gaming and other interactive experiences.

EEG Data Analysis:

  • The headset provides real-time feedback on brainwave activity through dedicated software or apps.
  • Users can analyze their EEG data to gain insights into their mental states and track changes over time.

SDK (Software Development Kit):

  • NeuroSky provides a software development kit (SDK) that allows developers to create custom applications and integrate the MindWave Mobile 2 into their projects.
  • This opens up possibilities for creating unique experiences, such as brain-controlled applications and games.

Battery Life:

  • The headset is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, offering a decent battery life for extended use.
  • Charging is typically done through a standard USB connection.

Limitations:

  • The MindWave Mobile 2 is a consumer-grade EEG device and may not offer the same level of precision as medical-grade EEG equipment.
  • It requires proper calibration and adjustment for optimal performance.

The MindWave Mobile 2 headset is an accessible and user-friendly device that brings brainwave monitoring and interaction to a broader audience. Whether used for relaxation, cognitive training, or brain-controlled gaming, it provides an intriguing entry point into the world of brain-computer interfaces. Keep in mind that while it offers valuable insights into brain activity, it is not intended for medical diagnosis or treatment.

Use Cases and Experiences:

  • Meditation and Mindfulness: The MindWave Mobile 2 is often used in meditation and mindfulness practices, allowing users to receive real-time feedback on their mental states. It can assist individuals in achieving and maintaining a calm and focused state during meditation.
  • Cognitive Training: Some applications and games designed for the MindWave Mobile 2 focus on cognitive training. Users can engage in exercises that challenge memory, attention, and other cognitive functions, with the headset providing feedback on their mental performance.
  • Brain-Controlled Interfaces: The headset has been employed in projects where users control external devices or interfaces using their brainwaves. This includes turning lights on and off, controlling music playback, or even navigating a computer interface without physical input.
  • Education and Research: The MindWave Mobile 2 has found applications in educational settings and research projects. Researchers and educators use the device to study brainwave patterns, cognitive processes, and the impact of various interventions on mental states.

User Experience and Setup:

  • User-Friendly Interface: Setting up the MindWave Mobile 2 is designed to be user-friendly. The device is often accompanied by intuitive software that guides users through the calibration process and provides a seamless connection to compatible devices.
  • Adjustment and Calibration: Proper calibration is essential for accurate readings. Users are typically guided to adjust the headset to ensure a snug and comfortable fit, optimizing signal quality for reliable brainwave detection.
  • Feedback and Visualization: The real-time feedback on brainwave activity is presented through visualizations on the connected device. Users can see changes in their brainwave patterns, helping them understand and learn to control their mental states.

Community and Development:

  • Developer Community: The availability of a software development kit (SDK) has fostered a community of developers creating diverse applications for the MindWave Mobile 2. This community-driven approach has led to a variety of innovative and creative uses for the device.
  • Updates and Support: NeuroSky continues to provide updates and support for the MindWave Mobile 2, addressing user feedback and enhancing the device’s capabilities over time.

The MindWave Mobile 2 stands at the intersection of technology and neuroscience, offering a fascinating avenue for individuals to explore and interact with their own brain activity. While it may not replace medical-grade EEG devices in clinical settings, it has carved a niche in the consumer market, providing a glimpse into the possibilities of brain-computer interface technology. As technology evolves, it will be intriguing to see how the MindWave Mobile 2 and similar devices contribute to the growing field of neurotechnology and human-computer interaction.

Considerations and Challenges:

  • Signal Quality: The accuracy of the MindWave Mobile 2 is influenced by factors such as proper fit, skin conditions, and environmental interferences. Users may need to take extra care to ensure optimal signal quality for reliable performance.
  • Variability in Individual Responses: Brainwave patterns can vary widely among individuals. Some users may find it easier to achieve and maintain specific mental states, while others may experience challenges. This variability is a consideration when interpreting and applying the data.
  • Ethical and Privacy Concerns: As with any brainwave monitoring device, privacy and ethical considerations come into play. Users and developers must be mindful of the potential sensitivity of the data collected and stored, ensuring that proper safeguards are in place to protect user privacy.

Future Developments:

  • Integration with Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): The MindWave Mobile 2 could potentially be integrated into AR and VR experiences, allowing users to control virtual environments with their thoughts. This opens up new possibilities for immersive and interactive applications.
  • Advancements in Neurofeedback: Continued advancements in neurofeedback technologies may enhance the capabilities of devices like the MindWave Mobile 2. This could lead to more sophisticated training programs and applications aimed at improving specific cognitive functions.
  • Health and Wellness Integration: There is potential for the MindWave Mobile 2 to become more deeply integrated into health and wellness applications. This could include collaborations with fitness trackers or health monitoring platforms, providing a holistic approach to well-being.

Tips for Users:

  • Consistent Use for Training: Users looking to harness the cognitive training aspects of the MindWave Mobile 2 may benefit from regular and consistent use. Like any training regimen, the effectiveness may be optimized through dedicated practice.
  • Exploration of Applications: Given the diverse range of applications developed by the community, users are encouraged to explore different apps and experiences to find what aligns with their interests and goals.
  • Community Engagement: Being part of the MindWave Mobile 2 community can provide valuable insights and support. Sharing experiences, tips, and troubleshooting with other users can enhance the overall user experience.

Final Thoughts:

The MindWave Mobile 2 represents a notable step forward in bringing brain-computer interface technology to the consumer market. Its accessibility, combined with the creative efforts of developers and the curiosity of users, continues to shape the landscape of neurotechnology. As the field evolves, the MindWave Mobile 2 and similar devices are likely to play a significant role in advancing our understanding of the brain and pushing the boundaries of human-machine interaction.

Considerations for Developers:

  • Custom Application Development: Developers interested in creating applications for the MindWave Mobile 2 can leverage the provided SDK. This toolkit allows for the development of custom experiences, ranging from entertainment applications to more specialized tools for research or therapy.
  • Optimizing User Experience: Ensuring a seamless and user-friendly experience is crucial for the success of applications. Developers should focus on creating intuitive interfaces, providing clear instructions, and optimizing the integration of brainwave data into their applications.
  • Collaboration with the Community: Engaging with the MindWave Mobile 2 community can be beneficial for developers. Collaboration and sharing insights can lead to the creation of more robust and innovative applications, expanding the possibilities of brain-computer interface technology.

Ethical Considerations for Developers and Researchers:

  • Informed Consent: When conducting research involving the MindWave Mobile 2, obtaining informed consent from participants is essential. Participants should be fully aware of the nature of the study, the data collected, and how their information will be used.
  • Data Security and Privacy: Developers must prioritize data security and privacy. Implementing robust encryption protocols, anonymizing data, and providing transparent information about data storage and usage are critical to maintaining user trust.
  • Avoiding Misuse: Developers should be mindful of the potential for misuse of brainwave data. Ensuring that applications built for the MindWave Mobile 2 adhere to ethical guidelines and standards is imperative in preventing unintended consequences.

Challenges and Opportunities in the Field:

  • Understanding Brain Complexity: While devices like the MindWave Mobile 2 offer insights into brain activity, the field of neuroscience is immensely complex. Continued research is needed to deepen our understanding of the brain, its intricacies, and the nuances of interpreting brainwave patterns.
  • Addressing Accessibility: Developers have an opportunity to contribute to making brain-computer interface technology more accessible. This includes creating applications that cater to individuals with varying levels of technical expertise and those with specific accessibility needs.
  • Medical Applications and Collaboration: Exploring collaborations with medical professionals and researchers could lead to the development of applications with clinical utility. This collaboration may involve creating tools for cognitive rehabilitation, mental health monitoring, or interventions for neurological disorders.

Future Directions for Brain-Computer Interfaces:

  • Advancements in Signal Processing: Improvements in signal processing algorithms could enhance the accuracy and reliability of brainwave detection. This could lead to more precise applications and a deeper understanding of cognitive states.
  • Hybrid Interfaces: Combining brain-computer interfaces with other input modalities, such as voice commands or gesture recognition, could result in more versatile and natural interactions. Hybrid interfaces may offer enhanced user experiences across various domains.
  • Neurofeedback for Mental Health: There is potential for brain-computer interfaces like the MindWave Mobile 2 to play a role in mental health interventions. Future developments may focus on creating applications for stress management, anxiety reduction, or attention disorders.

In conclusion, the MindWave Mobile 2 represents a captivating intersection of technology and neuroscience, offering users and developers alike a platform for exploration and innovation. As the field of brain-computer interfaces continues to evolve, the MindWave Mobile 2 and similar devices are likely to contribute to breakthroughs in understanding the human brain and revolutionizing how we interact with technology.

  1. Ahmad Hassan, CHEN Qi Bing*, JIANG Tao, LYU Bing Yang, LI Nian, LI Shu, SHANGGUAN Zi Yue, LI Yun Ting, JUN Zhou Li, LUO Qian, CHEN Xin Yi, WANG Yi Yan, ZENG Cheng Cheng, YANG Jun, Muhammad Sohaib Tahir. Psychophysiological Effects of Bamboo Plants on Adults. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(11): 846-850. DOI: 10.3967/bes2017.114 (SCI – IF=3.5)

 

  1. Hassan, Ahmad, Chen Qibing*, Jiang Tao, Lv Bing-Yang, Li Nian, Shu Li, Li Yu Tng, Jun Zhuo Li, Shang Guan Ziyue, and Muhammad Sohaib Tahir. “Effects of Plant Activity on Mental Stress in Young Adults.” HortScience1 (2018): 104-109. (SCI-IF-1.874)

 

  1. Ahmad Hassan, Jiang Tao, Guo Li, Mingyan Jiang, Liu Aii, Jiang Zhihui, Liu Zongfang, and Chen Qibing* “Effects of Walking in Bamboo Forest and City Environments on Brainwave Activity in Young Adults,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2018, Article ID 9653857, 9 pages, 2018. doi:10.1155/2018/9653857. (SCI-IF-2.064)

 

  1. Hassan, A., Chen Qi bing* and Jiang Tao (2019). Brainwave measurements for lay activities with real and artificial ornamental plants. J.Hortic.Sci. 84(4), 199-205. DOI: 10.17660/eJHS.2019/84.4.1 (European Journal of Horticultural Science) (SCI-IF-1.482)

 

  1. Hassan, A., Qibing, C*., & Tao, J. (2018). Physiological and psychological effects of gardening activity in older adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 18(8), 1147-1152. (SCI-IF-3.3).

 

  1. Hassan, A*., Tao, J., Bing, C. Q*., Yinggao, L*., Li, G., Jiang, M., … & Bing-Yang, L. (2019). Better mind, better work: effects of plants on adolescent mental stress as measured by EEG. Hypertension Research, 42(7), 1086-1088. (SCIIF=5.4)

 

  1. Hassan, A., Qibing, C*., Yinggao, L*., Tao, J., Li, G., Jiang, M., … & Bing‐Yang, L. (2019). Psychological and physiological effects of viewing a money plant by older adults. Brain and Behavior, 9(8), e01359 (SCIIF=3.1)

 

  1. Jiang, M., Hassan, A*., Chen, Q*., & Liu, Y*. (2020). Effects of different landscape visual stimuli on psychophysiological responses in Chinese students. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(7), 1006-1016. (SCIIF=3.6)

 

  1. Tao, J., Hassan, A*., Qibing, C*., Yinggao, L*., Li, G., Jiang, M., … & Ziqin, Z. (2020). Psychological and Physiological Relaxation Induced by Nature- Working with Ornamental Plants. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2020. (SCIIF=1.4)

 

  1. Hassan, A., Chen, Q*., Liu, Y., Jiang, T., Guo, L., Mingyan, J., Li, N., Lv, B.-Y. and Liu, S. (2020) Do plants affect brainwaves? Effect of indoor plants in work environment on mental stress. J.Hortic.Sci. 85, 279- 283 (European Journal of Horticultural Science) (SCI-IF-1.482)

 

  1. Du, J., Yin, J., Chen, X., Hassan, A., Fu, E., Li, X*., 2022. Electroencephalography (EEG)-Based Neural Emotional Response to Flower Arrangements (FAs) on Normal Elderly (NE) and Cognitively Impaired Elderly (CIE). International journal of environmental research and public health 19, 3971. (SCI-IF-4.614)

 

  1. Zhu, Z.; Hassan, A*.; Wang, W.; Chen, Q*. Relationship between PSD of Park Green Space and Attention Restoration in Dense Urban Areas. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ brainsci1206072111 (SCI-IF-3.3)

 

  1. Du, Juan, Xiaomei Chen, Li Xi, Beibei Jiang, Jun Ma, Guangsheng Yuan, Ahmad Hassan, Erkang Fu*, and Yumei Huang*. 2022. “Electroencephalography-Based Neuroemotional Responses in Cognitively Normal and Cognitively Impaired Elderly by Watching the Ardisia mamillata Hance with Fruits and without Fruits” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health19, no. 16: 10020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610020 (SCI-IF-4.614)

 

  1. Hassan, A*. and Deshun, Z*., 2023. Better Nature: Improved Interactions with Nature May Reduce Psychophysiological Stress in Chinese Adults. HortScience, 58(7), pp.779-784.13.(SCI-IF-874)

 

  1. Hassan*,, Deshun, Z*. Promoting adult health: the neurophysiological benefits of watering plants and engaging in mental tasks within designed environments. BMC Psychology11, 310 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01362-5 (SCI-IF-3.63)
  2. Hassan A*, Deshun Z*. Impact of sleeping in a forest on sleep quality and mental well-being. EXPLORE. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2023.11.006

[Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023]  (SCI-IF-2.4)